نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 26، بهار 1398)

However “The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT)” is the title of an approach in the domain of Science and Technology Studies (STS), it has an important effect on the philosophy of technology. This approach that insists on the role of society in the construction of technologies, is based on the sociology of science and the social construction of it. T. J. Pinch and W. E. Bijker, two creators and defenders of SCOT’s approach, was tried to transform three conceptions, “relevant social groups”, “interpretative flexibility” and “closure” that was used in sociology of science, to sociology of technology. In this paper, we explain SCOT’s approach, critics on it and some of it’s defenders replies to these critics.

This paper is aimed at dissecting the technological nature of the smart power grid and explaining the origins of its emergence. For this purpose, firstly, the conventional and smart power grid are briefly explained and secondly their differences are described. Then, in order for providing a basis for analyzing the transformation of the power grid from the conventional to the smart one, the theories describing technological changes are reviewed. After that, the best theory which explained the technological nature of the smart power grid is selected. It provides a framework for determining the transition from conventional to smart power grid. It is explained that reverse salient concept has a very good capability for determining the foundations and necessities of smart power grid. It will be discussed that smart power grid is a response to incapability of current power infrastructure in facilitating the mass application of new technologies such as electric vehicles and renewable technologies (solar panel, wind turbine, etc.). Also, it is claimed that the emergence of smart power grid can be attributed to the necessity of finding new spaces for capital accumulation.

Strategic thinking is now recognized as a winner in many different economic and social fields, and the emphasis is placed on the need for staff to be equipped with an important tool called effective strategic thinking in order to enhance organizational learning and expand intellectual capital with it. This research was designed to investigate the effect of effective strategic thinking on organizational learning and intellectual capital of employees. The research method was descriptive-survey. Data were collected by a library study method for reviewing the literature and field research using three standard questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software 22. The sampling method used is a census method that the total population of 86 people was considered as a statistical sample. Findings of the research show that effective strategic thinking on intellectual capital has a positive and significant effect among employees of Qom province planning and management organization, but it has no significant effect on organizational learning. So, managers with effective strategic thinking and their five-dimensional indicators can enhance their strategic thinking ability and skill and help develop their intellectual capital in the organization.

In Iran E-government project has been started many years ago, but due to some barriers or challenges, still is not a successful program. In this study, we try to identify the cause of e-government failure and introduce some solutions. Since both the government and citizens in e-government as providers and users of these services are important; accordingly, this research, studies e-government barriers from the both perspective of authorities and citizens. An in-depth qualitative research method was conducted to answer research questions. 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted with governmental authorities and private offices provider of e–government services and citizens in Hormozgan province. Collected data was analyzed by using the 7 step of Colaizzi's method with help of MAXQDA software. The findings showed that barriers from the perspective of authorities are in 5 categories including human barriers, technical-structural barriers, economical barriers, political–legal barriers and cultural barriers. The identified barriers from the perspective of citizens were classified into 4 classes in order of importance embraces human barriers, technical-structural barriers, cultural barriers and economical barriers. Ultimately, some useful solutions were presented to overcome these barriers.

Electronic business is one of the major implications of ICT revolution that has experienced high growth over the past decade. With the expansion of e-commerce, the speed and quality of customer service has also increased which forced companies to control quality components more and ensure the accuracy and timeliness of delivery of goods to meet the growing needs of customers and ultimately their satisfaction. The use of electronic business in business activities requires attention to a series of exogenous and exogenous factors affecting it. Therefore, in order to develop an effective and targeted evaluation system, an assessment of performance of logistics network in the electronic business is required. Data Envelopment Analysis is one of the powerful management techniques that provide managers with tools that can benchmark their company's performance compared with other competitors and decide for future prospects based on its results. In this study, using fuzzy DEA a new method for evaluating the logistics network collaboration in an e-business will be presented. After introducing two optimistic and pessimistic models both of them are solved. Finally, the application of the model is shown with numerical example and the sensitivity analysis of the input and output parameters is also performed.

The study here analyzes the association between R&D expenditure (as % of GDP) and labor productivity across leading geo-economic players. Empirical evidence seems to show, during the period of analysis, a strong positive association between public and private R&D expenditure. In addition, when R&D spending of business enterprise sector exceeds R&D spending of government sector, the labor productivity tends to growth (economic optimization), ceteris paribus. In general, effects of friction (inertia) on labor productivity growth are displayed by countries whose R&D intensity is driven mainly by R&D expenditure of government sector. Results provide fruitful implications that can support a rational political economy of R&D in order to foster the competitiveness of countries in fast-changing and turbulent markets.

In the field of policy making for the higher education system, one of the main issues is the employment of the PhD students in the jobs outside of the university, which in some cases harm the duties and research activities of PhD students and reduce the productivity of them and extend the PhD program period time. The aim of this paper is to study the support systems and policies for providing livelihood costs of the PhD students in order to prevent their employment in unrelated work outside the university and strengthen their attendance and full-time research activity at the university. Relevant policies and laws have been enacted and implemented in this regard in the supreme council of cultural revolution (SCCR), ministry of research and technology (MSRT), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) and vice-Presidency for Science and Technology (VPST). In the beginning, a comparative study has been done in the selected countries. In the following, by reviewing resolutions and their implementation approaches, a large picture of laws is presented. In the end, some policies and measures have been proposed for Iran.